The Importance Of The American Dream - 1321 Words

Former First Lady, Michelle Obama, eloquently summarized the American Dream at the Democratic National Convention in 2012. â€Å"Barack knows the American Dream because hes lived it...and he wants everyone in this country to have that same opportunity, no matter who we are, or where were from, or what we look like, or who we love. And he believes that when youve worked hard, and done well, and walked through that doorway of opportunity...you do not slam it shut behind you...you reach back, and you give other folks the same chances that helped you succeed.† The American Dream inspires dreams of hope, change, and a better future for all. The American Dream has come a long way transforming over decades, it once was hard to access because of†¦show more content†¦With major figures Americas shaping leading by example, it is no wonder citizens latched onto the idea. Characters such as Andrew Carnegie, Fredrick Douglas, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln all symbolize a self-made man. The idea of rags to riches was a hit and soon every dreamer in America had a little more hope at striking it rich. The next change would happen in the midst of the Civil Rights movement. Once again, people are fighting for freedom and more importantly equality. Around this same time period, home ownership is another pillar of the American Dream. It began with the United States government passed the National Housing Act of 1934. The housing act encouraged white Americans all over the country to buy houses, by making credit more available to lenders. It continued with the GI Bill after World War II. The last transformation of the American Dream is more recent. It resides on the coast figuratively and physically. In a physical form, it is fame and fortune. The rise of the super celebrity has inspired Americans to dream of fame and fortune. Figurately, the coast is a place where Americans can let their dreams reside, always pining for it. Cullen says, â€Å"We never re ach the Coast we think we see. Still we go on dreaming.† The American Dream throughout the nations history has been impactful, but not always in a positive way. There are manyShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The American Dream918 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are some individuals who want the American dream, such as non-Americans. Even though immigrants essentially founded the American dream as the thirteen colonies expanded, current bans preventing entry from certain countries and regulations attempting to deport others seem to rip that dream out of their grasp. Contrary to popular beliefs, the American dream is not the white picket fence vision we were taught in high school history. Instead, the American dream is the desire to live comfortably withinRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream, an ideal first defined by James Truslow Adams in the 1931 novel Epic of America. Adams (1931) defined the dream as, The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone... (p. 214). The dream of our ancestors has not changed with the passage of time, but achieving the dream has become much more difficult for the average American. Reviewing data compiled the last few decades paints a bleak picture, wage disparities haveRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream918 Words   |  4 Pageswork through the American Dream, but for one American, Lilly Ledbetter, success has not always come that easily. While working for GoodYear, Ledbetter learned that she was earning less money than her male counterparts. In addition, she was being sexually harassed by her coworkers and punished with poor reviews when she did not comply with their suggestions. As a result, even though Ledbetter worked just as much, if not more, than her male co workers, she was not rewarded as the Dream promises. ThereRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream916 Words   |  4 Pages During the 21st century, there has been a realignment of both social classes and habits due to the events of the last 20 years that make the American dream of the second half of the 20th century impossible to attain. According to Dictionary.com, the American dream is the ideals of opportunity, freedoms, and equality for all Americans. The American dream can no longer be attained for many reasons, but one big reason would be that people of this generation’s interests are not the same of those ofRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1363 Words   |  6 Pages its possible to achieve the American dream.† -Tommy Hilfiger. What is the American dream? How is it possible to achieve the American dream if there are large corporations ruining it for the companies trying to reach such dream? The American dream consists of the ideal that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achiev e success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative. What about those who are starting a new business whose dream is to become a large organizationRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1231 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to be successful and powerful. The American Dream or the idea that everyone in the U.S. has an equal opportunity to succeed has been around since 1931. The problem with the American dream today is that in reality people don’t have the same opportunities as they used to. The American Dream may actually just be a dream with no real evidence to prove it’s true. Rana Foroohar, author of â€Å"What Ever Happened to Upward Mobility,† discusses why the American Dream isn’t the same as it used to be and howRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1057 Words   |  5 Pagesthis country today don’t believe that the American dream is alive. Fifty-nine percent of those polled in June agreed that â€Å"the Amer ican dream has become impossible for most people to achieve. More and more Americans believe there is â€Å"not much opportunity† to get ahead†(Alternet). Many adults of the middle and lower classes American population no longer the American dream is no longer attainable because most if not all of the key elements of the American dream are no longer attainable. With financialRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1732 Words   |  7 PagesTo achieve the American Dream, one must work hard and have the dedication to be successful. There are myths relating to this dream leaving lower class members to wonder if the dream exists for them. People in lower class are told if they want to be successful they must put in hard work and true effort. Once they do, they see that they are remaining in the same position they started in. In â€Å"Class of America-2012,† Gregory Mantsios states the ideas of class in the US and explains them. One myth addressedRead MoreThe Im portance Of The American Dream773 Words   |  4 PagesThe American dream has changed drastically thru our history. Back in the 1950 and 1960 the American dream was to have the house with the white picket fence and the 2  ½ kids. Now the dream for a lot of people is to be able to pay their bills and maybe have enough money to go out for a nice little dinner that you did not have to cook yourself. The American dream is dead, it is because the concept has changed from the idea that everyone can improve their life through hard work to the idea that everyoneRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream, an ideal first defined by James Truslow Adams in the 1931 novel Epic of America. Adams (1931) defined the dream as, The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone... (p. 214). The dream of our ancestors has not changed with the passage of time, but achieving the dream has become much more difficult for the average American. Reviewing data compiled the last few decades paints a bleak picture, wage disparities have

Power Of Emotional Freedom Technique And The Universal...

To leverage the power of Emotional Freedom Technique and the Universal Laws of Creation, it is essential to know and to understand the basic principles that govern our Universe. The Universal Laws govern all of life without exception; from the glaciers to earthquakes, from spinning tops and spinning planets to newborns and world leaders, from elephants and arachnids to amoebas, to orchids, oranges and microorganisms. Metaphysics is the term used to study that which is beyond the physical, beyond what we can touch, see, taste and feel. The Universal Laws are the non-physical principles that govern our Universe in an unfailing, impartial, consistent and dependable fashion. As we study the laws that govern our Universe, we see certain empirical Truths. It is through the study of these Universal Principles and Truths that we master our creative abilities. With study, we begin to comprehend the profound implications of each law; we become more and more conscious of the power of our intentionality and of our minds; more and more conscious of the unwavering influence of our thoughts, emotions and beliefs on our experience. As we begin to work with these Universal Truths (studying, applying, practicing, and redirecting), we learn how it is that we live either in harmony or disharmony with our dreams and goals. By choosing to become acutely aware of our harmonious or disharmonious actions and thoughts, we experience and observe first hand the Universal Laws playing out inShow MoreRelatedThe Four Paths of Yoga1673 Words   |  7 Pageswork together for a greater purpose. The four paths of yoga have practices that Can be related to other religious traditions such as devotion, prayer, giving, and physical Actions such as fasting that require discipline and commitment to a Higher Power. The Four Paths of Yoga Life is full of choices, journeys, change, growth, and pain. Action is required to move along any path in life. The four paths of Yoga provide one with different ways to gain wisdom, practice devotion, take action, andRead MoreThe Influence of Music on Self and Society - Values in Music in Eastern and Western Cultures8787 Words   |  36 Pagesit expresses than words written about those expressions could ever be. That music has the power to express, convey and illicit powerful emotions is without question, however the issue of musics moral and ethical power, and how that power affects individuals and societies, is one that receives too little attention in our post-modern world. Ancient cultures held strong beliefs in the moral and ethical power of music and as such it was imperative for artists within those cultures to exercise a certainRead More Brave New World Introduction Essays2157 Words   |  9 Pages who vivits a new Mexican Reservetion and brings a savage back to London. Th e savage is at first fascinated by the New World, but finally revolted, and his argument with Mustafa Mond, world controller, demonstrate the incompability of individual freedom and a scientifically trouble- free society. In Brave New World Revisted 1958, Huxley reconsiders his prophecies and fears that some of this might be coming true much sooner than he thought. In Brave New World, he turned to the apologue. It wasRead MoreBrave New World Introduction2236 Words   |  9 Pages who vivits a new Mexican Reservetion and brings a savage back to London. The savage is at first fascinated by the New World, but finally revolted, and his argument with Mustafa Mond, world controller, demonstrate the incompability of individual freedom and a scientifically trouble- free society. In Brave New World Revisted 1958, Huxley reconsiders his prophecies and fears that some of this might be coming true much sooner than he thought. In Brave New World, he turned to the apologue. ItRead MoreCritical Evaluation: â€Å"Marketing Does More Harm to Society Than Good†2264 Words   |  10 Pagespresent arguments for the relevance of marketing in society. 2. Introduction to Marketing Marketing has been a foundational study for many business schools since the 1950s and the practice has flourished internationally due to marketing’s universal concept of achieving value for the business firms and its customers. During the 1950s a management expert named Peter Drucker lead the development of the â€Å"marketing concept†, which asserted that firms must create value for customers and see the businessRead MoreIbsen11859 Words   |  48 Pagesprotagonists Nora, Hedvig, Ellida, and Hedda. The theme of captivity also serves as a performance guide for the portrayal of these characters. Ibsen’s female protagonists are in bondage to an object or person that manipulates the character’s mental and emotional senses. The character’s inner captivity reaches a climax where a decision must be made to abolish the chains of captivity or forever remain enslaved. Since the nineteenth century, the actor has greatly benefitted from Ibsen’s electri fying work thatRead MoreCompassion Fatigue9142 Words   |  37 Pageswatching patients and families go through grief, sorrow and loss. Nurses had to protect their emotions by creating a barrier. With each year of practice, it became easier to detach. Some of them, become a veteran of being strong and silent during emotional times in patient care. They developed a true shell of protection against feeling the deep heartache one gets from observing grief and suffering. They can sometimes be supportive, yet most of the time they step back and not get emotionallyRead MoreLet Majorship English4572 Words   |  19 PagesENGLISH – SECONDARY 1. Which of the following is NOT associated with Romanticism? a. Emphasis on the collective rather than on the individual b. Belief in the child’s superior insight c. Celebration of the nature d. Emphasis on the power of imagination 2. What feeling is expressed in this line â€Å"My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky†? A. Surprise C. Fear B. Happiness D. Anger 3. What is Chekhov’s most recognizable achievement in his short storiesRead MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagestoward the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. Article 26, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Peace education is an elusive concept. Although peace always has been and continues toRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesposition and privileges Challenge authorities = charged with heresy Divert attention Blames witches and the Church becomes indispensible Scapegoat Target powerless or threatening groups Rationale for Punishment Rooted in Christianity Biblical law – lex tallonis (eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth) Penance through physical pain Nothing scared about the body Restore order of the world Maintain balance Eliminate evil spirits through death Symbolism of fire Deterrence General (a sentence

Lowprotein Free Essays

Not all naturally occurring metals are used by the body for important biological processes. Lead and cadmium are examples of these metals that are not essential for life but may even cause toxicity and death if taken in large doses. A study conducted in Japan showed a correlation between protein intake with the increased vulnerability for intoxication of cadmium (Tavari 1986). We will write a custom essay sample on Lowprotein or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rats given a low protein diet were observed to have higher toxicity from these metals that were also detected in the urine and feces (Suzuki 1984).   A low protein diet in humans is usually advised to those with kidney and liver diseases and as a result, this negative effect of higher metal toxicity is important to understand. Metals act by binding to organic compounds subsequently altering their structure and possibly modifying their function. When the function in not carried out well, this can lead to cell death and inactivation of the production of important enzymes (â€Å"Metals as toxins†). For instance, a metal compound can compete with a biologically significant element such as oxygen to create an enzyme responsible for degrading glucose. If this metal successfully defeats oxygen, the enzyme may not be produced; thus, glucose will not be degraded and possibly accumulated. This is a simple example of what a metal can do to the body. In the case of normal protein intake, the body has enough proteins that can bind to harmful compounds such as metals. Similar to the action of a lock and key, a specific protein can complex with damaging bioelements and then excrete them outside the body to prevent possible internal damage. Metallothionein specifically works as a chelating agent and combines itself with cadmium, for example and is excreted out of the body while Selenium, a protein abundantly found in egg whites, suppresses the toxic effect of metals (â€Å"Metals as toxins†). A low protein intake thus, have a significant effect in resulting to high levels of cadmium and lead in the blood since most protein clearly function in sweeping out these harmful metals by binding with them and then carrying them out of the body. References â€Å"Metals as toxins.† Retrieved August 11, 2007, from http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session2/group29/introtox.htm Suzuki, K.T., Miyamoto, E., Tanaka, Y. Kawamura, R. and Yamamura, M. (1984). Effect of diet on urinary and fecal excretion of cadmium, copper and zinc from rats preaccumulated heavily with cadmium. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 13 no.5. Retrieved August 11, 2007, from www.springerlink.com/index/J456157JVU87212T.pdf Tavari, P.C., Jain, V.K., Ashquin, M. and Tandon, S.K. (1986). Influence of protein deficiency on cadmium toxicity in rats. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.15 no.4. Retrieved August 11, 2007, from www.springerlink.com/index/G88L4P84417XT467.pdf       How to cite Lowprotein, Essay examples

Financial Planning free essay sample

To inform the audience about how small sacrifices today can result in huge dividends in retirement. Thesis: Today I will inform the audience of the power of saving small amounts of money for the future and how compound interest works in their favor when they start saving as soon as possible. Organizational Pattern: Topical Introduction A. Attention Getter Who wants to be a millionaire? You can be!!! Social Security will very likely NOT be available to people currently younger than 40 and if it does survive will not be a significant amount to live on. How we prepare NOW can determine whether we are world travelers or Walmart greeters. C. Credibility My father impressed upon me the need for financial planning. I began saving when I first started working at 17 and have benefitted greatly. D. Thesis Today I will show how anyone can have a rewarding future by making small and often unnoticed sacrifices currently. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Planning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E. Preview Specifically, I will discuss retirement saving strategies including 401K matching programs from employees and IRA’s. Transition First I will discuss the expediency of saving at an early age. I. Body A. When to start saving for retirement? 1. The earlier the better. Due to the exponential nature of compound interest the longer the money remains the more significant the growth 2. It’s never too late to start saving for retirement. The problem is the longer you wait the more impact on your budget due to having to save a higher percentage of your current income. If you start saving early your impact is minimized greatly. Transition Next, I will discuss the various ways to save for retirement. 1. 401K plans offer you the chance to deduct monies from your paycheck either before taxes are deducted or afterward. Each option has tax 2. advantages but their impact is geared toward current tax savings or tax savings during retirement. The real opportunity in 401K is the employee match program where your employer invests the same amount into your account, usually up to a certain percentage. . Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) are another way to save for retirement. They can be used independently or in conjunction with a 401K plan. Funds are deposited after taxes have been withheld so there is no tax due upon withdrawal in retirement. IRA contributions can be withdrawn without penalty if you face a financial hardship such as losing your home or significant medical bills. Transition My final point is a strategy that can meet your goal while minimizing impact on your current lifestyle. 1. Many of you are working toward new careers and excited about that first REAL paycheck. 2. If you â€Å"forget† about the percentage of your check that is going into the 401K and structure your budget on the remaining amount you will find saving easy and rewarding. 3. Begin with 3% of your pay going into retirement savings. Each raise/promotion you get increase it by 1% until you have reached your employer’s maximum match rate. Then add the 1% into an IRA until you have reached the percentage that results in your desired retirement account. I have discussed when to start saving for retirement, various ways to save as well as methods for minimizing the impact on your current budget. B. I trust that now you are more informed about the rewards available in the future when you start saving now and have obtained information about ways to achieve your goals. References Ira online resource guide.

Web2.0 Academic Applications free essay sample

Introduction This report is about six Web 2.0 tools/Web sites which are useful for academic purposes. About Web2.0 applications Web 2.0 applications allow users to share information and collaborate via the World Wide Web. Users of web 2.0 communicate, collaborate, and edit through various media including social networking, blogging, wikis, and video sharing sites. Using web 2.0 applications, people with no specialized technical knowledge can create their own website, self-publish, and upload audio and video files. TOPYX The name of the website is TOPYX. The URL is http://interactyx.com/learning-management-solution/. TOPYX is the learning management system for everyone. With award-winning features, unlimited users and bandwidth, and outstanding dedicated customer service account team and more provide a tremendous value to organization associations, government agencies and ecommerce companies of any size. With TOPYX, we can get configurable elements to not only meet our core learning management needs, but also create an engaging environment to better facilitate collaborative and informal learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Web2.0 Academic Applications or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can use short videos, screenshots and downloadable materials to make the best decision about our training and learning management needs. The similar Web2.0 tools/Web sites are Stu.dicio.us (http://stu.dicio.us/) and Notemesh (http://notemesh.com/). The usefulness scores 4. Grade Fix The name of the tool is Grade Fix. The URL is http://www.gradefix.com/. Grade Fix is the worlds most advanced homework planner. You enter how much time you have and what you need to do and Grade Fix will automatically optimize your homework schedule. With the help of Grade Fix, we can manage our time for homework easily because we don’t need to make a schedule by ourselves. Additionally, it can remind us of our homework if we forget so that we can finish our homework efficiently. The similar Web2.0 tools/Web sites are  Chalk site (http://www.chalksite.com/) and Tuggle (http://tuggle.it/). The usefulness scores 5. Engrade The name of the tool is engrade. The URL is https://www.engrade.com/. Engrade allows students to create an account and have direct communication with classmates and their teachers. It can record student grades, track attendance, schedule upcoming homework, and provide student progress reports. Using Engarde, we can work with group collaboratively and ask for help to get information easily. With knowing what grades we have, we can have ideas to take measures to improve our study and get better grades. The similar Web2.0 tools/Web sites are Groupvine (http://www.thegroupvine.com/) and Schoopy (http://www.schoopy.com/). The usefulness scores 4. College Ruled The name of the tool is College Ruled. The URL is http://www.collegeruled.com/home. College Ruled is academic organizer, class scheduler, and message board area for students. Students can either create a schedule or connect to their Facebook schedule with College Ruled and take notes and manage what to do for each class. When we go to college, it will be of great help for us to enhance our study. Because it provides various services, we can not only make schedule and plan assignments easily, but also we can create group and ask questions efficiently. What’s more, it is pretty easy to manage it because the procedure is not complicated. The similar Web2.0 tools/Web sites are Jptspot (http://www.jotspot.com/) and Pocktmod (http://www.pocketmod.com/). The usefulness scores 5. Haiku Learning The name of the tool is Haiku Learning. The URL is http://www.haikulearning.com/. Haiku Learning is a full suite of beautiful, cloud-based tools designed to get you up and running with digital learning in minutes. It provides a creative, relaxed environment that fosters good work, good fun, and healthy entrepreneurism. With using Haiku Learning, we can create classroom pages, add and organize content blocks, change layouts, and publish whenever we’re ready. The similar Web2.0 tools/Web sites are Basecamp (https://basecamp.com/) and Mynoteit (http://www.mynoteit.com/). The usefulness scores 5. Empressr The name of the tool is Empressr. The URL is http://www.empressr.com/. Empressr is an Ajax and Flash-based service that lets you create and share presentations online. One advantage on the feature side is that it uses Flash and Ajax rather than HTML and Ajax allowing you to add more media then other tools including audio and video. Empressr can help us to share presentations with others, at the same time; we can also find information and example through searching for others’ presentations. The similar Web2.0 tools/Web sites are Thumbstacks (http://www.thumbstacks.com/) and Slide Share (http://slideshare.net/). The usefulness scores 4. Conclusion This report covers multiple useful Web 2.0 tools/Web sites that really do help to our study. With them, we can make us work effectively and productively. My favorite tool is College Ruled, because it supplies assists in many aspects such as schedule, notes, communication, and the web pages is simple and easy to control.

Developing the price policy for a Bike

Developing the price policy for a Bike Introduction Among the four P’s of marketing, pricing is probably among the most important. Its importance is best represented by the fact that pricing generates an organization’s turnover (Ranganathan 2001, p. 1). However, developing a sound pricing policy is not an easy process because pricing must reflect the supply and demand relationship of the product in question. Indeed, pricing a product too high or too low could lead to significant losses for the organization because it could put off customers or not match up to the market dynamics (Ferrell 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Developing the price policy for a Bike specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is no shortfall to the number of companies which have made unsuccessful attempts at developing poor pricing policies. For example, the pricing policy adopted by Honda Civic was largely unsuccessful because the company realized significant loss es from its pricing strategy (Ferrell 2010). The company has since been trying to reinvent itself. This paper recognizes the pitfalls in developing a sound pricing policy and from this awareness; it seeks to develop a sound pricing policy for a bike. To achieve this objective, several factors will be considered. First, this paper analyzes the general conditions for the product. Specifically, the target market will be analyzed to expose the unique characteristics of the product (viz-a-viz the pricing policy). In addition, this paper highlights the different kinds of studies that ought to be undertaken before developing the final pricing policy. Alongside this goal will be identifying the objectives of the pricing strategy. It is only until these elements are effectively explained that the pricing strategy will be unveiled. To explain the criterion for developing the pricing policy, calculations will be given to show how the price of the product was arrived at. Finally, information ab out the long-term and short-term lower price limits will be given. General Conditions for the Product Already, we have established that this paper focuses on a bike as the chosen product for developing an effective pricing policy. The bike in focus will be a mountain bike which is specifically designed for hiking and other recreational activities. The product’s image will be designed to appeal to a young target market that is enthusiastic about technology and convenience. This perception is expected to be created from the product’s image which will be relied on to communicate a reliable piece of art which will withstand the most treacherous terrains. The product’s image will therefore be expected to communicate the message that the bike can be used in the rockiest and steepest terrains without being damaged. A range of colors and sizes will also be offered to appeal to different segments of the target market.Advertising Looking for essay on business eco nomics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on the functions of the bike, the target market will be comprised of people between the age of 12 and 30. This population group is perceived to have a higher inclination of engaging in recreational activities like mountaineering or hiking (Young 2011). However, the target market also includes other institutions that engage in the primary functions of the bike. For example, different organizations hire bicycles to different bike enthusiasts and similarly, different organizations provide their employees with bicycles during team recreational activities and other team-building activities. Indeed, organizations such as hotels, tour companies (and the likes) hire bicycles to tourists and other people who would want to explore nature (on bikes). Similarly, almost every organization today engages in team building activities as a way to motivate employees in their workplace (and improve employee cohesion). These target groups are amalgamated with individual customers to constitute a wider target group. Studies to be Undertaken before developing the Pricing Policy As observed in earlier sections of this paper, pricing policies are very crucial to the success of a product. Developing effective pricing policies is perceived by many people as a gruesome process that needs to take into account different dynamics of a company’s product and market (Young 2011). Different aspects of the company’s goals (and the market) therefore need to be considered in critical detail. Therefore, the first study that needs to be done before an effective price policy is introduced involves the determination of the company’s pricing goals. These goals may vary among organizations but they may include realizing short-term or long-term profits or even stabilizing the prices of the company’s products (Kardes 2004). Other companies may have different goals such as im proving their profitability or effectively managing the competitive pressure from other products. Paul (2008) explains that even when undertaking such a study, it is important for experts to factor the current market conditions because the pricing policies need to be conducive to the current market conditions. The study of the current market conditions therefore constitutes the second base to be covered in the formulation of an effective pricing policy. The third study that needs to be undertaken is the determination of the current competitive environment. Competition is a crucial component in the process of formulating pricing policies because aggressive competitive forces are known to erode the strengths of effective pricing policies (Kardes 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Developing the price policy for a Bike specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, a weak competitive environment can revamp a weak pric ing policy. The final pricing policy therefore needs to be cognizant of the current competitive environment and preferably, the pricing level needs to be lower than the competitors’ (Encyclopedia of Management 2006, p. 7). The fourth study that needs to be done involves the ascertainment of production costs. In layman’s terms, this is the final cost of production. However, when undertaking the study, it is important to consider different aspects of production costs (including intangible costs). These costs normally vary among different companies but regarding the production of the mountain bikes, the most notable costs will be labor costs, material costs, transportation costs and assembly costs. These costs mainly describe the primary costs associated with the production or manufacture of the mountain bikes. Secondary costs associated with the production of the mountain bikes include administrative costs, inflation costs (among others). The study is therefore aimed at ascertaining all these costs to arrive at a profitable price that will be able to cover all the production costs and still allow the company to make a profit. The final study that needs to be done centers on the customers’ market power. This study is closely linked to the market survey. However, its uniqueness lies in focusing on the customers as opposed to other market forces. Indeed, markets are often segmented, based on different market parameters such as income levels, consumer tastes, preferences (and the likes). The process of pricing formulation therefore needs to take into account the customer dynamics of the market because it would be fruitless if a high-end pricing policy is implemented on a low-end market segment (Encyclopedia of Management 2006, p. 8). Objectives of the Pricing strategy As explained in earlier section of this paper, it is crucial for a company to establish what it intends to achieve from its pricing policy. Regarding the context of this paper, the main aim of the pricing strategy will be to achieve significant success during the introduction of the company’s product (mountain bikes). This objective is informed by the fact that there is a lot of competitive pressure in the mountain bike market segment and every company intends to have a significant share of the existing market. In fact, companies which are already active in the market intend to increase their market share and edge out weak products. The pricing strategy identified in this paper will therefore be aimed at addressing the above concerns.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Calculation of the Price HERKULES (2011) explains that there are different methodologies that can be used to ascertain a product’s price. Mainly, he identifies three methodologies including cost-based pricing, competition-based pricing and customer-based pricing (HERKULES 2011, p. 11). Based on the objectives of our pricing strategy, this paper will use the competition-based pricing model. The main advantage of the competition-based pricing model is the keen focus on the industry’s dynamics (competitive activities and company activities). Indeed, by knowing competitor activities, it is very easy to develop an effective and competitive pricing strategy. Existing and emerging competition will also be keenly analyzed in this pricing strategy including how to increase the prices by providing additional value (that the competitors do not offer). The pricing strategy discussed below is aimed at designing the pricing policy so that it can effectively increase the customer bas e. The Government of Alberta (2012) describes this pricing strategy as a market penetration strategy. Nonetheless, this pricing strategy will be aimed at attracting customers from the competition and creating a new market share. Bowie (2012) explains that most companies which adopt this market strategy tend to lower their prices so that they seem more pocket-friendly to the customers. In vibrant markets, such market strategies are expected to yield a high profit in the short-term because customers in such markets tend to be very flexible and responsive to price changes. In detail, the cost of buying all the accessories for building the bike is expected to cost 40 Euros. This is the primary cost associated with buying and delivering all the components used to assemble the bicycle. Assembly costs are expected to add an additional 5 Euros to the cost of the bicycle. Therefore, the completed bicycle will cost 45 Euros. All other costs associated with marketing and delivery of the bicycl es to the final buyer is also expected to add an additional 5 Euros. Therefore the selling price for the bicycle is expected to be 50 Euros. From the study undertaken to assess the prices of the competition, we realized that the competitive prices in the market ranged between 45 Euros and 55 Euros. This price range appeals to all market segments. Considering the competitive prices, our pricing strategy intends to include 5 Euros to the existing cost of selling the bike as a component of the ‘value addition’ strategy. The value addition cost is directly attributed to after-sale services which are expected to be offered for all the bicycles sold. All customers will therefore be entitled to a free after-sale service for all bicycles bought (within the first year of purchase). All repair costs incurred after the one year period will therefore be done at the customer’s expense. This value addition cost is expected to be the selling point for this price policy. Concise ly, the free after-sale service justifies the additional 5 Euros added to the cost of the bicycle. Furthermore, the customer’s cannot compare the additional five Euros they will pay (as additional cost) with the cost of undertaking repairs (from their pockets). Justifiably, this pricing policy is therefore expected to work and draw in many customers from the competition. The market survey also shows that few competitors offer after-sale services. Finally, including the profit margin will add another 5 Euros to the cost of the bicycle. Correctly, the final price of the bike will be 60 Euros. The calculations are as follows: Cost of inputs 40 Euros Assembly costs 5 Euros Transportation and marketing costs 5 Euros After sale service cost 5 Euros Profit 5 Euros Total 60 Euros Other companies have used the above pricing strategy with tremendous success. Perhaps the most notable company to adopt this pricing strategy is Apple Inc. (Rosenbloom 2011, p. 337). Compared to its competitor’s prices, Apple’s prices are perceived to be abnormally high. However, the company has witnessed a consistent growth in its sales. In fact, the company’s former CEO, Steve Jobs, is globally celebrated to have steered the company to new heights of success (Rosenbloom 2011, p. 337). Ironically, the company’s prices are still high. Kunz (2010) analyzes this phenomenon and concludes that Apple’s success thrives on a pricing game. He further explains that the company prices its products high enough for the customers to believe that they have a good product (of high quality). His argument is that consumers are very poor at evaluating products and they do not know which criterion to use to establish whether they have a quality product or not (Kunz 2010). Since they have this dilemma, they blindly use the pricing strategy to determine whether they have a good product or not. The common belief among customers therefore is that a good qual ity product should be expensive. According to Kunz (2010) this perception has created the belief that Apple’s products are superior to their competitors. This paper therefore proposes the high-end pricing strategy as a basis for its future success. This pricing policy is closely similar to Apple’s, except for the fact that there is a good value creation attached to it. Obviously, the customers would see that the bikes are priced slightly higher than the competitors but the fact that they would get more value for paying a premium is expected to be the main selling point for this pricing policy. Long-term and the Short-term Lower Price Limits Potter (2004) explains that when formulating a pricing policy, it is important to consider the long-term and short-term implications of the pricing policy. There are different pricing strategies identified in this study but research shows that identifying the right pricing strategy is often a tricky affair (Besanko 2009). This paper has already cited the fact that a poor pricing strategy can potentially be disastrous for a business. Many markets have however witnessed the intrigues of lower price limits as a strategy adopted by some companies (especially) as they try to increase their market share (Besanko 2009). Lower price limits are sometimes perceived to be illegal in some countries because some manufacturers do not play fair by setting their lower price limits below the cost of production (McGuigan 2010). Often, this strategy is adopted by businesses that intend to limit the threat to entry. Therefore, when new businesses intend to enter such markets, they have to price their products at ridiculously low prices. Such prices are often unviable in the long-term. Focusing on the context of this study, we can agree that the lower price limit for the bike would include all the costs of production (without after sale services costs or any profit margins). From the calculations cited above, the lower price limit would be 50 Euros. This price is derived by adding the cost of inputs, assembly costs and transportation and marketing costs. However, since businesses have to analyze their sustainability, the low price limits have a strong business implication in the long-term and short-term. In the short-term, it would be obviously impossible to make a profit because selling the bikes at 50 Euros would imply that only the initial costs of production will be recovered. In the market, such a pricing strategy would increase sales and consequently increase the market share (McGuigan 2010). However, only the customers would be benefitting from the low price limit but the business would be suffering. The product will also gain popularity through such a business strategy because the sales volumes are expected to be high (since customers will be attracted by the low prices) (McDonald 2011). Such a situation is however likely to pose a problem for the viability of the business in the long-term. Indeed, i n the long-term, the business will not be able to make any profits. The business will also not be able to grow because there will be no profits to invest back into the business (Smagalla 2004, p. 9). Essentially, there would be no point of staying in the market longer because there will be no point of doing business because the whole notion of doing business is to make a profit. The low price limit does not allow for profit making and therefore the business will have to shut-down eventually (Boone 2011, p. 662). Ideally, it would be advisable to price the bikes at a few Euros more than the low price limit so that the business can make a profit and consequently grow. Depending on the competitive prices, the business will be able to grow and probably improve its service provision or venture into new markets. Such an eventuality is however impossible in the short-term. Only until the business is able to make a profit (for a prolonged period of time) can it be able to grow and possibly venture into new markets (Meyvis 2004). Conclusion After weighing the findings of this paper, we can agree that establishing the right pricing strategy for a new product is often tricky. Indeed, many companies have posted losses because of poor price policies while others have closed down from the same. Different factors have been explained as crucial to the formulation of the pricing policy. Specifically, competitor analysis, market analysis, cost analysis and customer analysis have been cited to be crucial to the formulation of pricing policies. This paper proposes an ambitious price policy which is based on a high-end pricing strategy aimed at delivering quality services for less money (from a long-term perspective). The preferred product is therefore expected to be sold slightly more expensive than the competitors but still, the price is not very far from the competitors’. A sustainable level of success is therefore expected. References Besanko, D 2009, Economics of Strat egy, John Wiley Sons, London. Boone, L 2011, Contemporary Marketing, Cengage Learning, London. Bowie, D 2012, Hospitality Marketing, CRC Press, London. Encyclopedia of Management 2006, Pricing Policy and Strategy, enotes.com/pricing-policy-strategy-reference/pricing-policy-strategy Ferrell, O 2010, Marketing Strategy, Cengage Learning, London. Government of Alberta 2012, Methods to Price Your Products, http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex1133 HERKULES 2011, Product cost calculations , http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514264509/html/c953.html Kardes, F 2004, ‘The Role of Selective Information Processing in Price-Quality Inference’, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 31 no. 2, pp. 36-47. Kunz, B 2010, How Apple plays the pricing game, msnbc.msn.com/id/38980367/ns/business-us_business/t/how-apple-plays-pricing-game/#.T9tVInpqB70 McDonald, M 2011, Marketing Plans: How to Prepare Them, How to Use Them, John Wiley Sons, London. McGuigan, J 2010, Manage rial Economics, Cengage Learning, London. Meyvis, T 2004, ‘When Are Broader Brands Stronger Brands? An Accessibility Perspective on the Success of Brand Extensions’, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 31 no. 2, pp. 34-65. Paul, J 2008, International Marketing: Text And Cases, Tata McGraw-Hill, London. Potter, D 2004, ‘Confronting Low-End Competition’, MIT Sloan Management Review, vol. 45 no. 4, pp. 73-9. Ranganathan, R 2001, Pricing Policy In Marketing, slideshare.net/rohitr6/pricing-policy1 Rosenbloom, B 2011, Marketing Channels, Cengage Learning, London. Smagalla, D 2004, ‘Does Promotion Pricing Grow Future Business?’, MIT Sloan Management Review, vol.45 no. 4, p. 9. Young, E 2011, Principles of Marketing, Rex Bookstore, Inc., New York.

Arts & Visual Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arts & Visual Literacy - Essay Example As it can be seen from the image above, the sculpture is a giant concave mirror that reflects the sky. It is made of stainless steel materials that reflect the open sky from its concave part. It sits on white granite that is designed with precision to finish its beauty. This image is a photograph of the sculpture that was installed at the entrance of Oceanographic Museum in Monaco in 2003. However, there are other similar displays that have been installed in the vicinity of most phenomenal monuments, museums and historical public places in various countries. For instance, one similar sculpture was installed at the entrance of Channel Gardens at Rockefeller in 2006. Sky mirror is a symbol of creativity that dominates the design, engineering as well as the science of artworks. The contemporary society is ever changing. The same changes are significantly reflected in the art world as well. For this reason, the design of the mirror is an indication that the aesthetic landscape painting of the 18th century is shifting with the modern waves of change. One element of change in the modern day society is technology. The implication of technology in Sky mirror is evident. Anish Kapoor is a British-Indian. He was born in Mumbai in 1954. He moved to London in the early 1970s. He moved to England to study art and design at Hornsey College of Art and Chelsea School of Art and Design (Allen 1). For the last two decades, the sculpture has developed some of the magnificent artworks. He has also widely exhibited his artworks both in London and internationally. Being of the latest invention of art, Anish Kapoor’s Sky Mirror has not been extensively researched to elaborate. That implies that though the technology driven sculpture is popular in the art world, as the most recognizable and ambitious artwork, the sculpture has not been extensively researched. However, this does not mean the work has not been reviewed. The stripes and the shiny stainless steel

How do you account for the success of Korea’s chaebol What Essay

How do you account for the success of Korea’s chaebol What problems did the chaebol face in the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s - Essay Example formance of chaebols and it is regarded that Korean economy became able to recover from the financial crisis of late 1990s due to the efficient performance and adequate restructuring of chaebols (Buzo, 2002, p187). At present, chaebols are successfully operating in South Korea significantly contributing towards the economic development (Choe and Chinmay, 2007, p232). The essay aims to discuss the performance of Korean Chaebols after the financial crisis that hit Korea along with many other Asian countries in late 1990s. The essay examines the recovery path adopted by the Korean Chaebols to identify the factors that have contributed towards re-stability of these conglomerates after the financial crisis. It is revealed that financial crisis draw devastating impact upon the performance and growth of Chaebols however, they recovered from the crisis within few years with the help of government support and adequate business strategies and planning. Chaebols are the South Korean business conglomerates that have attained strong position at international level and own several multinational enterprises. There are several dozen Chaebols working in Korea that are mainly operated by Korean family controlled corporate groups (Fields, 1995, p35). These Chaebols enjoy government support as well as finance that allow them evolving as well known international brands. Some of the well known Chaebols operating in South Korea include Samsung, LG and Hyundai etc. Traditionally Chaebols have played a very important role in economic as well as political progression of Korea. Chaebols have significantly contributed towards the development of new industries, markets and expansion of trade relation at international level (Kim, 1991, p272). It has been widely accepted that Chaebols have well supported Korean economy in attaining the position of East Asian Tiger (Rowley et al, 2001, p21). Chaebols use to play dominating role in the economy of Korea because these entities remain the focus of

Discuss the most common challenges faced by management in an Essay

Discuss the most common challenges faced by management in an international context - Essay Example Besides the common challenges the management faces, globalization and the rise of multinational organizations have created challenges from communicational dimensions. In this essay, four main communication barriers will be discussed; they are cultural barriers, distance barriers, trust barrier (inner barrier), and the language barrier. In the process of international management, cultural understanding is a crucial factor to create opportunities for economic growth and development. To create cultural understanding, the manager is challenged with the task of learning and comprehending other cultures and contexts. This serves to reduce as much cultural difference as possible, and avoid communication breakdowns wherever the company or organization may encounter it. For example, while Arabs treat their leaders as heroes and worship them as long as they remain in power, Iranians expect their leaders to exhibit power and strength. (Phatak, 2005, p.5) Most common cultural differences are broadly categorized based on the following factors- power distance, uncertainty avoidance, human orientation, collectivism, assertiveness, gender egalitarianism, future orientation, and performance orientation. (Phatak, 2005, p.5) It is the management’s responsibility to analyze other cultures and minimize any cultural problems to maximize efficiency. This results in better business expansion, improved production and better image for the company. A manager who has a better understanding of the various cultural factors will be able to adopt appropriate management techniques and procedures that adapt to differing cultural values and beliefs. For this to occur, it is important that the manager accurately analyses the situation and acts accordingly or it may lead to a sharp decline in efficiencies. In leadership at every level possible, the most important factor is ‘trust’. Without trust in

Argument For The Existence Of God

Argument For The Existence Of God Spinozas Ethics is organised into a deductive format that reveals the necessary connections between the propositions. The geometrical method contributes to a necessary and indubitable outcome that God necessarily exists and this will be an absolute truth. The Ethics geometrical method is based after Euclids work where the demonstration of every proposition uses definitions, axioms and only propositions that have been already established. I will be focusing on whether the definitions are real or nominal as this is the main source of controversy on what the geometrical method contributes to the existence of God. I will be arguing that the definitions are real and constructive therefore the geometrical method contributes to a logical argument for the existence of God. Proposition 11 is the first proposition where God is mentioned and this proposition contains three demonstrations for Gods existence. The first demonstration is the ontological argument which tries to deduce the existence of God from concepts. It states that it is impossible to conceive of God not existing. This is because God is defined as a substance consisting of an infinity of attributes (ID6) and it has already been proven that it pertains to the nature of a substance to exist (IP7). Therefore because of the geometrical method all Spinoza has to do is substitute God for substance to show that God necessarily exists. To say that God does not exist is to say that it is not in Gods essence to exist but this is absurd as we have seen the nature of a substance is to exist and God is a substance. Spinoza has already demonstrated that if things have nothing in common with one and other, one of them cannot be the cause of the other (IP3), in nature there cannot be two of the same substances of the same nature or attribute (IP5) and two substances with different attributes have nothing in common (IP2). Thus it logically follows that one substance cannot be produced by another substance (IP6). As a substance is prior to its affections, this means that they cannot produce a substance. Therefore it pertains to the nature of a substance to exist (IP7). By definition God is a substance which means it pertains to the nature of God to exist so God necessarily exists. As it is evident from this example, the geometrical method allows Spinoza to state Gods existence as an unquestionable matter of fact without room for reasonable disagreement with his logical conclusion. It contributes the ability to show persuasively how one proposition follows from another, leading to clear and distinct necessary truths which are not contingent but are absolute and objective. It shows a rigid mathematical necessity which doesnt rely on our experiences and eliminates human ignorance. Moreover nothing relies on unproven claims or assumptions that might make the argument for the existence of God incorrect. The geometrical method for the existence of God is undeniable only if we agree with the definitions and axioms. If we do then we will find it difficult (but not impossible) to not agree with Spinozas conclusion. I will focus on Spinozas definitions as they are the bedrock of his method. Whether the geometrical method contributes to a logical argument for the existence of God depends on whether Spinozas definitions are nominal or real. Nominal definitions are what is meant by a word or thought in a concept thus they can be nothing about reality. They are merely stipulative, have no truth value and can be arbitrary. Whereas real definitions explain a thing as it is outside of the understanding , they are actually defining something. They have truth values as they are accurate representations of a thing. If the definitions are nominal then the geometrical method for Gods existence is weak as the ontological argument relies on the definition of God yet this definition will not be saying anything about God in reality. But I believe that Spinozas definitions are real definition and define something that actually is. Therefore the geometrical method contributes to a logical argument for the existence of God. One claim by R. J. Delahunty is that the definitions must be nominal not real if they are to be intelligible. Delahunty argues that the definitions have to be nominal because of the form of the definitions, for example By I understand Another claim is mentioned in Spinozas letter to Simon De Vries, which states that the truth of the conclusion that one deduces from the definitions is not changed by the definitions being arbitrary or even false. This could mean that Spinoza is trying to deduce Gods existence from some basic but not certain truths. I will argue against these points as I believe we should not look at the geometrical method of the Ethics in this way as it does contribute to Gods existence. To refute the first claim about the definitions being nominal because of their phrasing I will turn to P. Basile who disputes Delahuntys argument. He believes that Spinoza has done this so that we think understand the definitions in the same way as he does. Basile refers to Spinozas second letter to Oldenburg where Spinoza explains that is possible to use real definitions and still phrase them in the way he does: The definition of God is true appears from the fact, that by God we mean a Being supremely perfect and absolutely infinite. Thus the definition of God as having infinite attributes is not in oppositions to our definition of God. Basile concludes that the second letter suggests Spinozas definitions would be an analysis of the ordinary conception of God as an infinite being. Therefore Spinozas definitions are real and give a clarified version of our idea of God, contributing to a strong argument for the existence of God. To refute the second claim I will refer to Steven Nadler. He believes that this is not the correct interpretation of the Ethics as Spinoza is demonstrating truth; the Ethics is about reality. The definitions are not nominal as the arguments are not that if you assume for the sake of the argument what the definitions mean then God necessarily exists. Rather he is saying that this is how the definitions should be understood, if defined truly therefore God necessarily exists. Spinoza in Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect states that mathematicians know the real definition of a figure when they are able to construct a figure; this is a constructive definition. Spinoza describes the notion of a sphere to a student by saying that a semicircle is rotated around a centre. While a sphere has not actually been constructed in this way, imagining it has can help us understand the mathematical definition of a sphere. If this is applied to the definition of God then it could be seen as constructive because it demonstrates which concepts we need to construct together to achieve a correct metaphysical notion of the Diety, one that is wholly purged of misleading association inherited from tradition, prejudices, or false metaphysics. This idea would account for phrases such as byI understand This would also be compatible with the idea that to understand God is to have clear concepts of a real thing. Thus a constructive definition leads us to understand what som ething is. Just as the semicircle helps us to understand the sphere, the definition helps us to understand God. As the geometrical method uses these constructive definitions, through proposition 11 and the definitions of substance and God, the reader is helped to understand that God necessarily exists. Moreover, Spinoza shows the difference between a nominal definition of a circle a figure in which the lines drawn from the centre to the circumference are equal and constructive as the figure that is described by any line of which one end is fixed and the other movable. The constructive definition not the nominal definition shows us how a circle can be constructed and because of this we can derive at its essential properties. Spinoza believes that this can be applied to reality and that we can have a real idea about something through its causes: Knowledge of the effect is nothing but acquiring a more perfect knowledge of its causes. Henry Allison states that either we find ourselves involved in an infinite regress, which would lead to hopeless scepticism, or the chain of reasoning must be grounded in a single principle. This principle is the causa-sui as everything must be explained by it and its essence must involve existence. Therefore the geometrical method contributes to the definition of God and this definition includes God necessarily existence. In conclusion, I believe that Nadler and Basile arguments for the definition of the Ethics to be real and constructive are correct. As they are real definition, the ontological argument in proposition 11 is based in reality therefore contributes to a logical argument for the existence of God. As the definitions are constructive, the geometrical method contributes to constructing the right concepts together to have a clear concept of a God who exists. Moreover, because the definitions are constructive the geometrical method contributes to us deriving at Gods essential properties of God, one of these being existence.

Original Writing :: Plagiarism Influence Authors Argumentative Essays

Original Writing My writing as a poet has been heavily influenced by writers like Langston Hughes, Nikki Giovanni, Alice Walker and Slam poets such as Black Thought and the Last Poets. These writers write and speak about the struggles and uniqueness of Black culture. Their individual experiences and political stances as well as the influences of other artist are evident in their work. For example in Giovanni’s poem â€Å"Revolutionary Music† she quotes some of the lyrics from Sam Cooke and James Brown to illustrate her personal views on racism and the equal rights movements. Hughes in his piece titled â€Å"Message to the President† skillfully incorporates the political events of his time into his poem using it to sardonically articulate his view on racial inequalities that were occurring in his time. Black Thought and the Last Poets utilize jazz and urban hip hop along with their idea of Black to relay their message. In writing my individual poems, I find it difficult not to incorporate the style of the writers mentioned. I gained my consciousness of Black culture and struggle through the words of these writers their ideas have no choice but to be reflected in my own writing. I wrote a piece titled â€Å"Books not Bombs† which originated during the time the troops were being sent to Iraq to fight a war that was unnecessary in my opinion. The students at my high school and schools around the city were walking out of class to protest in city hall; however, we were told that we would be suspended by the principal if we left. I felt that the administration was silencing our voices by holding us with the threat of suspension. In this poem I used a line from a local pop song from the group OutKast, â€Å"They’re throwing bombs over Baghdad, but what about the bombs that are exploding right here, right now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Using this mimics Giovanni and Hughes’ incorporation of musica l lyrics of the time to make the piece relatable to the intended audience. I was also influenced by the social political climate that was being hotly debated at the time (war). My particular social influence is reflective of Robert P. Yagelski’s essay â€Å"Who’s Afraid of Subjectivity†. In his essay he used Donald Murray’s experience of writing and rewriting his piece which was reflective of his war years and the political controversy of his time. â€Å"†¦which provided impetus to write the poem and helped and helped shape the very content of the poem.

Differences and similarity of living at home and living away from home Essay

In western world, people tend to move out from their domicile home from the age 18 because it is part of their culture which they must learn to live by themselves. For eastern world, some people slightly change their way of culture to the western culture whereas the other people still follow their traditional path; to live with family. Home is a place of domicile where people live together in a group of family. At some moment in life, for any reasons, living away from home is inevitable situation. For example, some students who live away from home by living in dormitory or rent house because they have to study beyond their homeland or they want to live near their college for conveniences. For workers, in order to save time of transportation, they choose to live near their workplace. For some people, they just want to live away from home because they want to live independently from family. As you can see, there are many reasons to live away from home. Living beyond home can be both co nvenience and inconvenience. One way to decide between both living styles is to compare them on your differences and similarity point of views. The first difference you can notice is living condition. Most of your own home is the most comfortable place to live mentally and physically. Living at home creates a feeling of security, relief and family. For example, if you cannot deal with any problem, you can share with your family and they might suggest a quick solution to you which help you feel less stress. If you have siblings, you can have activities with them such as, playing games, cooking or sharing life experiences. Sitting on a Sunday morning watching TV with family , helping your dad organizes his things or having a nice chat with your mom makes you realize how valuable your family really is because these activities can provide you to feel lively without lonely. In contrast, if you live alone beyond your home, you might need some good suggestion from them to help you feel more secure. Otherwise, you might encounter some difficult situation or loneliness. Of course, living at home is not only for a pleasure of feeling but also make you feel physically more convenience. At home you have plenty of home facilities and foods. You never worry about the washing day for your clothes because you might have someone else to do that or you just throw it in your washing machine. You will have a comfortable bed at your own home for relaxing in some exhausted day. For foods, you can  eat your favourite foods as much as you want because your parents will take a responsibility to provide foods for you. On the contrary, living away from home is a little bit inconvenience. For example, if you feel hungry you have to go out to the supermarket to get some food. Moreover, in order to balance your time for daily routine, you have to plan for your foods shopping day and estimate your own consumption. As a consequence, living at home can be different in living condition compared with living away from home. By the way, living away from home does not mean yo u will feel less convenience and less lively. At your own life, you can have your necessary facilities or you will have friends, colleagues, boyfriend or girlfriend to share your emotion. You might never feel lonely from being alone; instead, you might feel more enjoyable with friends. The second difference is independence. It is precisely clear that living away from home is living by your own destiny, you have to steer your own life; that is, you have a freedom. For some family, freedom is limited by parent’s rules; as a result, you have to obey all their rules because it is part of life lessons that they want to provide you. For example, you have to come back home or sleep on time when you live with family. Other rules are such as, table manners, using mobile phone at home and house manners. On the other hand, living on your own far away from family gives you a lot of experiences toward organizing your life. If you live by yourself, you can come back home whenever you want without telling or asking permission from your parents. You can go out for a whole night party and have some drink or enjoy eating fast food as much as you want because of living without parents. It is predictable that you must have a good and strong meaning of responsibility to live by yourself. Otherwise, if you indulge yourself too much, your life can be difficult from being disorganized. The third difference is environment. This factor can be varying which depends on the place you move to, so you might experience the new place where culture and weather are difference from your homeland. This factor can be easily noticed among both foreign students and workers. Some people who live away from home; they don’t culturally familiar with people, fashion and foods; as a consequence, they might encounter some cultural shock, embarrassed outfit or lose weight due to strange foods. Weather is another factor for environmental difference. Living away from home can be different and sometimes uncomfortable for some people who immediately move their residence in the different biome. Some people might consider as an excitement moment, whereas another people can be suffered from unfamiliar climate. Therefore, culture and weather differences are environmental factor which you do not forget to consider before moving. In my opinion, adaptation is the key; that is, to stick to your most important values that according to things or situations and changes those things that you believe they can be improved yourself. The last difference is finance. People who live away from home have difference in financial status from people who live at home; thus, people who live at home might be better in financial situation from people who live away from home. For example, if you are a student who lives at home, you never worry about paying bill for public utilities, renting, mortgages or foods; therefore, you can save money and have a good finance; thus, you can indulge yourself by shopping luxury goods or going out for a foreign trip. On the contrary, people who live away from home have to balance their finance in order to live until the next payment comes out. However, for students, living alone does not mean it difficult to live. There are many organizations which provide you a good financial recommendation; alternatively, you can do a part-time job to earn more money for your living cost. As mentioned earlier, in spite of these differences, there is similarity among living at home and living away from ho me. One similarity is responsibility. If you live at home, you also have responsibility to fulfill, just as people who live away from home; that is, housework. At least, you have to tidy up your bedroom, cleaning up your family’s room if they ask for help unless you have a housewife. Similarly, if you live away from home you will have the same duty as you are at home. Moreover, you have to plan and organize your cleaning day for balancing your schedule. Therefore, two styles of living are similar in responsibility; however, living away from home seems to need more organization for your routine. In conclusion, if you think to move out, you should consider the difference of living condition, independence, environment and finance from your domicile  residence. Moreover, adaptation is the key for success for living by your own. However, responsibility is the one similarity in both styles of living which you should maintain the habit. Otherwise, your life can be out of track.

Dictinory

EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION Dictionary Titles in the Series English Language: Easier English Basic Synonyms 0 7475 6979 7 English Study Dictionary 1 9016 5963 1 Easier English Student Dictionary 0 7475 6624 0 English Thesaurus for Students 1 9016 5931 3 Specialist Dictionaries: Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6 Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7475 6685 2 Dictionary of Business 0 7475 9680 0 Dictionary of Economics 0 7475 6632 1 Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1 Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management 1 9016 5999 2Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7475 6623 2 Dictionary of ICT 0 7475 6990 8 Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6 Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7475 6987 8 Dictionary of Military Terms 1 9038 5620 5 Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8 Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8 Check your English Vocabulary Workbooks: Business 0 7475 6626 7 Computing 1 9016 5928 3 English for Academic Purposes 0 7475 6691 7 PET 0 7475 6627 5 FCE + 0 7475 6981 9 IELTS TOEFL 0 7475 6982 7  ® 0 7475 6984 3 Visit our website for full details of all our books ttp://www. bloomsbury. com/reference EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION General editor P. H. Collin A BLOOMSBURY REFERENCE BOOK www. bloomsbury. com Second edition published 2004 First published in Great Britain 2001  © Copyright P. H. Collin, F. Collin, S. M. H. Collin 2001 This edition  © Copyright Bloomsbury Publishing 2004 Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 38 Soho Square London W1D 3HB All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7475 6644 5 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0202-2 Text processing and computer typesetting by Bloomsbury Publishing Printed and bound in Italy by Legoprint All papers used by Bloomsbury Publishing are natural, recyclable products made from wood grown in well-managed forests. The manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. GENERAL EDITOR P. H. Collin Editorial Contributors Penelope Hands, Howard Sargeant Text Production and Proofreading Katy McAdam, Joel Adams, Daisy Jackson, Sarah LusznatPreface This dictionary contains the most frequently used words in English and provides the basic vocabulary needed for everyday communication by anyone starting to learn the language. It is especially useful for elementary and pre-intermediate students of all ages and would be suitable for those working towards an elementary level English examination such as KET or PET. Each word is individually defined, and no words, not even adverbs, are given without a definition. Examples are included for many words to provide patterns for the user’s own production of English sentences.Each word, including compound words and phrasal verbs, has its own easy-to-find main entry in bold type. Each word has a pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Common phrases and idioms associated with the main term are shown in bold type and separately defined within the entry. The meanings of the main common senses of each word are given clearly and simply, using a limited and easily understood vocabulary. Meanings are grouped together by their part of speech. Extra help is offered in Notes at the end of some entries.These include warnings about words which can confused with each other, unusual inflected forms and regularly collocating prepositions. The major differences in US and British spelling are noted. A useful companion to this dictionary is Easier English Basic Synonyms which compares and contrasts words with similar meanings, showing the similarities and differences in usage. Symbols before a new part of speech before examples before a phrase or collocation before an idiom a definition of the word will be foun d at the place indicated extra information will be found at the place indicated i ? PronunciationThe following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the main words in the dictionary. Stress has been indicated by a main stress mark ( ) and a secondary stress mark ( ). Note that these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes according to its position in the sentence. Vowels ? ? a? a? a a ? e e? e? e? i i ? ? u u ? Consonants back harm stop type how hire hour course annoy head fair make go word keep happy about fit near annual pool book tour shut b d ? d f h j k l m n ? p r s ? t t? ? v w x z buck dead other jump fare gold head yellow cab leave mix nil sing print rest ave shop take change theft value work loch measure zone Basic. fm Page 1 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM A a1 /e? /, A noun the first letter of the alpha- very able manager. There are special activities for able children. a bet, followed by B Do you mean ‘dependant’ spelt with an à ¢â‚¬Ëœa’ or ‘dependent’ with an ‘e’? from A to Z completely, all the way through about /? ba? t/ preposition 1. referring to about something He told me all about his operation. What do you want to speak to the doctor about? 2. to be about to do something to be going to do something very soon We were about to go home when you arrived. 3. ot exactly I’ve been waiting for about four hours. She’s only about fifteen years old. how about? 1. what do you think about? We can’t find a new chairperson for the club – What about Sarah? 2. would you like a cup of tea? while you’re about it at the same time as the thing you are doing While you’re about it, can you post this letter? a2 /? , e? /, an /? n, n/ article 1. one a an enormous hole a useful guidebook She’s bought a new car. I want a cup of tea. We had to wait an hour for the bus. (NOTE: an is used before words beginning with a, e, i, o, u and with h if the h is not pronounced: an apple or an hour. is used before words beginning with all other letters and also before u where u is pronounced /ju / : a useful guidebook) 2. for each or to each Apples cost ? 1. 50 a kilo. The car was travelling at 50 kilometres an hour. He earns ? 100 a day. above /? b v/ preposition 1. higher than above The plane was flying above the clouds. The temperature in the street was above 30 degrees. At prices above ? 20, nobody will buy it. 2. older than If you are above 18, you have to pay the full fare. 3. louder than I couldn’t hear the telephone above the noise of the drills. abandon /? b nd? n/ verb 1. to leave abandon someone or something in an unkind wayThe dog had been abandoned by its owner. 2. to give up or stop doing something The company has decided to abandon the project. We abandoned the idea of setting up a London office. abbreviation /? bri vi e (? )n/ noun a abbreviation short form of a word abroad /? br? d/ adverb in or to another abroad country They’ve gone abroad on holiday. I lived abroad for three years. ability /? b? l? ti/ noun 1. a natural tendenability cy to do something well I admire his ability to stay calm in difficult situations. We can develop their natural abilities. (NOTE: The plural is abilities. ) I’ll do it to the best of my ability I’ll o it as well as I can 2. the fact of being clever suitable for different levels of ability (NOTE: no plural) absence / bs? ns/ noun the fact of beabsence ing away from a place She did not explain her absence from the meeting. The former president was sentenced in his absence. in the absence of because someone or something is not there In the absence of the chairman, his deputy took over. In the absence of any official support, we had to raise our own funds. able / e? b(? )l/ adjective 1. to be able to able do something to be capable of something or have the chance to do something They weren’t able to find the ouse. Will you be able to c ome to the meeting? 2. good at doing something, or good at doing many things She’s a absent / bs? nt/ adjective not there absent Ten of the staff are absent with flu. absolute / bs? lu t/ adjective comabsolute plete or total Basic. fm Page 2 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM absolutely 2 accompany absolutely adverb 1. / bs? lu tli/ com- little gift. 2. to say ‘yes’ or to agree to something She accepted the offer of a job in Australia. I invited her to come with us and she accepted. (NOTE: Do not absolutely pletely I am absolutely sure I left the keys in my coat pocket. 2. / bs? lu tli/ es, of course Did you build it yourself? – Absolutely! absorb /? b z? b/ verb 1. to take in something such as a liquid The water should be absorbed by the paper. Salt absorbs moisture from the air. 2. to reduce a shock The car’s springs are supposed to absorb any shock from the road surface. absurd /? b s d/ adjective completely unreasonable or impossible to believe It ’s absurd to expect you will win the lottery if you only buy one ticket. abuse1 /? bju s/ noun 1. rude words The people being arrested shouted abuse at the police. 2. very bad treatment the sexual abuse of children She suffered physical abuse in prison. absorb bsurd abuse (NOTE: [all senses] no plural) abuse2 /? bju z/ verb 1. to treat someabuse one very badly, usually physically or sexually She had been abused as a child. 2. to make the wrong use of something He abused his position as finance director. 3. to say rude things about someone The crowd noisily abused the group of politicians as they entered the building. academic / k? dem? k/ adjective 1. relating to study at a university Members of the academic staff received a letter from the principal. 2. only in theory, not in practice It is only of academic interest. i noun a university teacher All her friends are academics. ccelerate /? k sel? re? t/ verb to go faster Don’t accelerate when you get to traffic lights. accent / ks? nt/ noun 1. a particular way of pronouncing something He speaks with an American accent. 2. the stronger or louder part of a word or sentence In the word ‘letter’ the accent is on the first syllable. 3. a mark over a letter showing a particular way of pronouncing it Cafe has an accent on the ‘e’. accept /? k sept/ verb 1. to take and keep a present We hope you will accept this academic accelerate accent accept confuse with except. ) acceptable /? k sept? b(? )l/ adjective acceptable good enough to be accepted, although ot particularly good Fighting in the street is not acceptable behaviour. Smoking is becoming less socially acceptable. A small gift of flowers would be very acceptable. The offer is not acceptable to the vendor. access / kses/ noun a way of reaching a place The concert hall has access for wheelchairs. At present there is no access to the site. to have access to something to be able to reach a place, meet a person, or obtain somet hing I’ll have access to the studio day and night. The company has access to substantial funds. i verb to get information from a computer She tried to access the address list. accident / ks? d(? nt/ noun 1. an unpleasant thing which happens and causes damage or injury He lost his leg in an accident at work. She was involved in a car accident and had to go to hospital. 2. something that happens unexpectedly Their third baby was an accident. by accident without being planned or expected He found the missing papers by accident. accidental / ks? dent(? )l/ adjective happening without being planned or expected an accidental meeting accidental damage His death was not accidental. accidentally / ks? dent(? )li/ adverb without being planned or expected accommodation /? k? m? de (? )n/ noun a place to live or somewhere to tay for a short time Are you still looking for accommodation? Visitors have difficulty in finding hotel accommodation during the summer. (NOTE: In Britaccess acciden t accidental accidentally accommodation ish English, accommodation has no plural. ) accompany /? k mp(? )ni/ verb 1. to accompany go with someone or something She accompanied me to the door. 2. to play a musical instrument while someone Basic. fm Page 3 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM accomplish else plays another instrument or sings She sang and was accompanied on the piano by her father. (NOTE: accompanied by someone or something) accomplish /? k mpl / verb to do omething successfully You won’t accomplish anything by arguing. according to /? k? d tu / preposition 1. as someone says or writes The washing machine was installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. According to the police, the car was going too fast. 2. in agreement with rules or a system Everything went according to plan or schedule. 3. in relation to The teachers have separated the children into classes according to their ages. account /? ka? nt/ noun 1. same as bank account 2. I was worried on her account I was afraid something might happen to her on account of because of, due to The trains are late n account of the fog. We don’t use the car much on account of the price of petrol. take something into account to consider something We have to take the weather into account. on no account not at all accurate / kj? r? t/ adjective correct in all details Are the figures accurate? We asked them to make an accurate copy of the plan. accurately / kj? r? tli/ adverb correctly The weather forecast accurately predicted the storm. accuse /? kju z/ verb to say that someone has done something wrong The police accused her of stealing the money. (NOTE: You accuse someone of a accomplish according to account accurate accurately accuse rime or of doing something. ) achieve /? t? i v/ verb to succeed in doachieve ing something after trying very hard Have you achieved all your aims? The company has achieved great success in the USA. achievement /? t? i vm? nt/ noun something which h as been done successfully She is very modest about her achievements. Coming sixth was a great achievement, since he had never entered the competition before. achievement 3 action acid / s? d/ noun a chemical substance acid that is able to dissolve metals acknowledge /? k n? l? d / verb 1. to acknowledge say that something has been received She didn’t acknowledge receiving my etter. 2. to accept that something is true She acknowledged that she had seen me there. acknowledgement /? k n? l? d m? nt/ noun a letter or note sent to say that something has been received acorn / e? k? n/ noun the fruit of an oak tree acquaintance /? kwe? nt? ns/ noun a person you know slightly She has many acquaintances in the travel industry but no real friends. acquire /? kwa / verb to become the owner of something She has acquired a large collection of old books. across /? kr? s/ preposition 1. from one side to the other Don’t run across the road without looking to see if there is any traffi c coming. 2. n the other side of He saw her across the street. i adverb from one side to the other The river is only twenty feet across. The stream is very narrow – you can easily jump across. act / kt/ noun 1. something which is done He thanked her for the many acts of kindness she had shown him over the years. 2. a part of a play or show Act 2 of the play takes place in the garden. 3. a short performance The show includes acts by several young singers. 4. a law passed by Parliament an act to ban the sale of weapons i verb 1. to do something You will have to act quickly if you want to stop the fire. She acted in a very responsible way. o act as someone or something to do the work of someone or something The thick curtain acts as a screen to cut out noise from the street. 2. to behave in a particular way She’s been acting very strangely. to get your act together to organise yourself properly If they don’t get their act together, they’ll miss their train. action / k n/ noun 1. the fact of doing something We recommend swift acacknowledgement acorn acquaintance acquire across act action Basic. fm Page 4 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM active tion to prevent the problem spreading. What action are you going to take to prevent accidents? ut of action not working The car has been out of action for a week. 2. something that is done They’ve shown their commitment by their actions. 3. a movement Avoid sudden actions that could alarm the animals. 4. the things that happen in a performance such as a play or film The action of the play takes place in a flat in London. 5. a case in a law court where someone tries to get money from someone else to bring an action for damages against someone active / kt? v/ adjective 1. involved in active an activity or activities, especially in an energetic way He didn’t play an active part in the attack on the police station.My grandmother is still very active at the age of 88. 2. (of a volcano) ex ploding or likely to explode Scientists think the volcano is no longer active. 3. the form of a verb which shows that the subject is doing something (NOTE: If you say ‘the car hit him’ the verb is active, but in ‘he was hit by the car’ it is passive. ) activity / k t? v? ti/ noun 1. the act or activity fact of being active 2. something that someone does to pass time pleasantly Children are offered various holiday activities – sailing, windsurfing and water-skiing. (NOTE: The plural in this sense is activities. ) actor / kt? / noun a person who acts in actor he theatre, in films or on TV actress / ktr? s/ noun a woman who actress acts in the theatre, in films or on TV (NOTE: Many women prefer to call themselves actors rather than actresses. ) actual / kt? u? l/ adjective real actual It looks quite small but the actual height is 5 metres. Her actual words were much stronger. actually / kt? u? li/ adverb really actually It looks quite small, but actuall y it is over 5 metres high. He said he was ill, but actually he wanted to go to the football match. 4 address ad / d/ noun an advertisement (informal ) ad If you want to sell your car quickly, put an ad in the paper. adapt /? d pt/ verb 1. o change something to be suitable for a new situation She adapted the story for TV. The car has been adapted for disabled drivers. 2. to change your behaviour to fit into a new situation We’ll all have to learn to adapt to the new system. adaptable /? d pt? b(? )l/ adjective able to change or be changed easily to deal with new situations or uses add / d/ verb 1. to make a total of numbers If you add all these numbers together it should make fifty. (NOTE: Addadapt adaptable add ing is usually shown by the sign + : 10 + 4 = 14. ) 2. to join one thing to another Interest is added to the account monthly. Add two cupfuls of sugar.Put a teabag into the pot and add boiling water. By building the annexe, they have added thirty rooms to the hotel. 3 . to say or to write something more I have nothing to add to what I put in my letter. She added that we still owed her some money for work she did last month. add up phrasal verb to make a total the figures do not add up the total is not correct addition /? d (? )n/ noun 1. someone or something added to something else the latest addition to the family He showed us the additions to his collection of paintings. 2. the act of adding figures to make a total You don’t need a calculator to do a simple addition. n addition to as well as There are twelve registered letters to be sent in addition to this parcel. in addition as well in addition to as well as There are twelve registered letters to be sent in addition to this parcel. additional /? d (? )n? l/ adjective included as well as what there is already address /? dres/ noun 1. a set of details of the number of a house, the name of a street and the town where someone lives or works What is the doctor’s address? Our address is: 1 Cambridge Road, Teddington, Middlesex. 2. the set of letters, symbols and numbers that addition additional address Basic. m Page 5 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM address book identify someone’s email account i verb 1. to write details such as someone’s name, street and town on a letter or parcel That letter is addressed to me – don’t open it! 2. to speak or write to someone Please address your questions to the information office. Teachers are not normally addressed as ‘Sir’ here. 3. to make a formal speech to a group The chairman addressed the meeting. address book /? dres b? k/ noun a address book notebook or computer file in which you can record people’s names, home addresses, telephone numbers and email addresses adequate / d? kw? / adjective 1. adequate enough for a purpose We don’t have adequate supplies for the whole journey. His salary alone is barely adequate. 2. only just satisfactory adhesive /? d hi s? v/ adje ctive able to stick to things i noun a substance which sticks things together adhesive adjacent /? d e? s(? )nt/ adjective very adjacent close to or almost touching something My office is in an adjacent building. adjective / d ? kt? v/ noun a word which describes a noun In the phrase ‘a big black cloud’, ‘big’ and ‘black’ are both adjectives. adjective adjust /? d adjust st/ verb to make a slight change to something I need to adjust his belt a bit. to adjust to something to become used to something How are you adjusting to being a parent? admiration / dm? re (? )n/ noun readmiration spect for someone or something admire /? d ma / verb to consider admire someone or something with approval He was admired for his skill as a violinist. We admired the view from the balcony. admission /? d m (? )n/ noun 1. the act admission or fact of being allowed to go in to a place Admission to the exhibition is free on Sundays. My friend was refused admission to the restaurant because he was not wearing a tie. no admission no one can enter 2. statement saying that something bad is true Her 5 advantage admission that she had taken the money led to her arrest. admission fee /? d m (? )n fi / noun an amount of money paid to go into a place such as a museum admit /? d m? t/ verb to allow someone to go in to a place Children are admitted free, but adults have to pay. This ticket admits three people. (NOTE: admits – admitting – admitted) to admit (to) doing something to say that you have done something wrong They admitted stealing the car. adopt /? d? pt/ verb 1. to take someone legally as a son or daughter They have adopted a little boy. 2. o decide to start using something The book has been adopted for use in all English classes. We need to adopt a more flexible approach. adore /? d? / verb to like someone or something very much adult / d lt/ noun a fully-grown person i adjective 1. fully grown an adult tiger 2. relating to a matu re person or people adult fiction advance /? d v? ns/ verb to move forward The police slowly advanced across the square. i noun 1. a movement forwards The police have made some advances in their fight against crime. The team made an advance into their opponents’ half. 2. money paid as a loan or as a part of a payment o be made later i adjective done before something happens She made an advance payment of ? 3000. in advance earlier than the time something happens You must phone in advance to make an appointment. They asked us to pay ?200 in advance. advanced /? d v? nst/ adjective which is studied at a higher level He’s studying advanced mathematics. She’s studying for an advanced degree. advantage /? d v? nt? d / noun something which will help you to be successful Being able to drive a car is an advantage. Knowledge of two foreign languages is an advantage in this job. She has several advantages over the other job candidates. o take advanadmission fee admit adop t adore adult advance advanced advantage Basic. fm Page 6 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM adventure tage of something to profit from something They took advantage of the cheap fares on offer. to take advantage of someone to get something unto (good or fairly from someone best) advantage in a way that helps someone or something appear especially good She used her knowledge of Italian to good advantage. adventure /? d vent / noun a new, exciting and dangerous experience I must tell you about our adventures in the desert. adverb / dv b/ noun a word which applies to a verb, an adjective, another dverb or a whole sentence In the sentence ‘He walked slowly, because the snow was very thick. ’ both ‘slowly’ and ‘very’ are adverbs. adverse / dv s/ adjective (of condian tions) unpleasant and unwanted adverse reaction adverse effects advert / dv t/ noun same as adveradventure adverb adverse advert tisement advertise / dv? ta? z/ verb to make advertise su re that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen The company is advertising for secretaries. Did you see that the restaurant is advertising cheap meals on Sundays? I saw this watch advertised in the paper. advertisement /? d v t? sm? nt/ noun n announcement which tries to make sure that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen advertising / dv? ta? z / noun the act of making sure that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen The company has increased the amount of money it spends on advertising. They spent millions on the advertising campaign. advice /? d va? s/ noun an opinion that someone gives you about what you should do He went to the bank manager for advice on how to pay his debts. They would not listen to the doctor’s advice. My grandfather gave me a very useful piece of advice.His mother’s advice was to stay in bed. (NOTE: no pluadvertisement advertising advice 6 afraid ral: use some advice or, for one item, a piece of advice) advise /? d va? z/ verb 1. to suggest to advise someone what they should do He advised her to save some of the money. 2. to tell someone officially that something has happened (formal ) They advised us that the sale of the house had been completed. adviser /? d va? z? /, advisor noun someone who helps people to make decisions about what to do aerial / e? ri? l/ noun a piece of equipment for receiving radio or TV signals aeroplane / e? r? ple? n/ noun a vehicle hich flies in the air, carrying passengers or goods affair /? fe? / noun 1. something which is relevant to one person or group of people only That’s his affair – it’s nothing to do with me. It’s an affair for the police. His business affairs were very complicated. 2. a sexual relationship with someone who is not your husband or wife He’s having an affair with his boss’s wife. 3. an event The party is just a famil y affair. 4. an event or situation that shocks people The whole sorry affair was on the front page of the newspapers for days. i plural noun affairs situations or activities relating to public or private life affect /? ekt/ verb to have an influence on someone or something The new regulations have affected our business. Train services have been seriously affected by the strike. affection /? fek n/ noun a feeling of liking someone, especially a friend She always spoke of him with great affection. afford /? f? d/ verb to have enough money to pay for something How will you afford such an expensive holiday? be unable to afford, can’t afford to be unable to accept something because it might cause you a problem I can’t afford a delay of more than three weeks. afraid /? fre? d/ adjective 1. frightened of something or someone I am afraid of nakes. He is too afraid to climb the ladder. 2. to be afraid (that) to be adviser aerial aeroplane affair affect affection afford afraid B asic. fm Page 7 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM after sorry to say I’m afraid that all the cakes have been sold. You can’t see the boss – I’m afraid he’s ill. Have you got a pocket calculator? – No, I’m afraid not. after / ? ft? / preposition 1. following or next in order to If today is Tuesday, the day after tomorrow is Thursday. They spoke one after the other. What’s the letter after Q in the alphabet? after you you go first 2. later than We arrived after six o’clock.We don’t let the children go out alone after dark. i conjunction later than a time After the snow fell, the motorways were blocked. Phone me after you get home. (NOTE: after after is used with many phrasal verbs: to look after, to take after, etc. ) after all 1. in spite of everything Everything was all right after all. 2. the fact is He should be OK; after all, he is eighteen now. afternoon / ? ft? nu n/ noun the time between midday and the evenin g He always has a little sleep in the afternoon. There is an afternoon flight to Paris. Can we meet tomorrow afternoon? afterwards / ? ft? w? dz/ adverb laterWe’ll have lunch first and go shopping afterwards. again /? en/ adverb 1. another time He had to take his driving test again. again and again several times, usually in a firm or determined way The police officer asked the same question again and again. 2. back as you were before Although I like going on holiday, I’m always glad to be home again. against /? enst/ preposition 1. so as to touch He was leaning against the wall. She hit her head against the low doorway. 2. in opposition to England is playing against South Africa tomorrow. It’s hard cycling uphill against the wind. They went against his advice. age /e? / noun the number of years which you have lived She is thirty years of age. He looks younger than his age. i plural noun ages a very long time (informal ) I’ve been waiting here for ages. It took us ages to get served. afternoon afterwards again against age 7 agreement aged /e? d d/ adjective with the age of 1 aged a girl aged nine She died last year, aged 83. aged2 / e? d ? d/ adjective very old an aged man agency / e? d ? nsi/ noun an office which represents another firm an advertising agency agenda /? d end? / noun a list of points for discussion what’s on the agenda? what are we going to discuss? i a set of hings that someone plans to do top of your agenda what someone wants most A holiday is top of my agenda at present. agent / e? d ? nt/ noun a person who works for or represents someone else Our head office is in London but we have an agent in Paris. aggression /? re? (? )n/ noun a feeling of anger against someone that is expressed, especially in physical force an act of aggression an attack on someone aggressive /? res? v/ adjective ready to attack someone aggressively /? res? vli/ adverb as if wanting to attack someone ago /? / adverb in the past He pho ned a few minutes ago. This all happened a long time ago. NOTE: ago aged agency agenda agent aggression aggressive aggressively ago always follows a word referring to time. ) agree /? ri / verb 1. to say yes or give agree permission After some discussion he agreed to our plan. (NOTE: You agree to or on a plan. ) 2. to say or show that you have the same opinion as someone else Most of the group agreed with her suggestion. agreement /? ri m? nt/ noun 1. the act or fact of thinking the same to reach an agreement or to come to an agreement on salaries Agreement between the two sides is still a long way off. they are in agreement with our plan they agree with our plan We discussed he plan with them and they are in agreement. 2. a contract to draw up or to draft an agreement We signed an agreement with the Italian company. agreement Basic. fm Page 8 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM ahead ahead /? hed/ adverb 1. in front ahead Our team was losing, but now we are ahead again. Run on ahead a nd find some seats for us. You need to go straight ahead, and then turn left. 2. in future My diary is filled with appointments for six weeks ahead. 3. before We try to fill the vacancies at least three weeks ahead. ahead of /? hed ? v/ 1. in front of Ahead of us was a steep hill. They ran on ahead of the others. 2. in future time You have a mass of work ahead of you. 3. before (informal ) They drafted in extra police ahead of the international match. aid /e? d/ noun 1. help, especially money, food or other gifts given to people living in difficult conditions aid to the earthquake zone an aid worker (NOTE: This meaning of aid has no plural. ) in aid of in order to help We give money in aid of the Red Cross. They are collecting money in aid of refugees. 2. something which helps you to do something kitchen aids i verb 1. to help something to happen 2. to help someone aim /e? m/ noun what you are trying to do His aim is to do well at school and hen go to university. One of our aims is to increase the speed of service. i verb 1. to plan to do something We aim to go on holiday in June. 2. to point a gun at someone or something He was aiming or aiming a gun at the policeman. air /e? / noun 1. a mixture of gases which cannot be seen, but which is all around us and which every animal breathes His breath was like steam in the cold air. 2. the air the space around things and above the ground He threw the ball up into the air. (NOTE: These meanings of air have no plural. ) i adjective referring to a method of travelling or sending goods using aircraft new air routes y air in an aircraft I don’t enjoy travelling by air. It’s quicker to send the letter by air. i verb to make a room or clothes fresh by giving them more air Let’s open the windows to air the room. aircraft / e? kr? ft/ noun a vehicle which flies in the air The passengers got into or boarded the aircraft. The airline aid aim air aircraft 8 alive has a fleet of ten aircraft. (NOTE: The plur al is aircraft: one aircraft, six aircraft. ) airfare / e? fe? / noun the amount of money a passenger has to pay to travel on an aircraft air force / e? f? s/ noun a country’s military air organisation airline / e? la? n/ noun a company which akes people or goods to places in aircraft The airline has been voted the most popular with business travellers. He’s an airline pilot. airplane / e? ple? n/ noun US an aircraft airport / e? p? t/ noun a place where aircraft land and take off You can take the underground to the airport. We are due to arrive at Heathrow Airport at midday. alarm /? l? m/ noun 1. a loud warning sound An alarm will sound if someone touches the wire. to raise the alarm to warn everyone of danger 2. same as alarm clock i verb to frighten someone I don’t want to alarm you, but there’s a police car parked outside your house. alarm clock /? ? m kl? k/ noun a clock which rings a bell to wake you up album / lb? m/ noun 1. a large book 2. a coll ection of songs on a CD, cassette or record alcohol / lk? h? l/ noun a substance in drinks such as beer or wine that can make people drunk They will not serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 18. alcoholic / lk? h? l? k/ adjective relating to alcohol alert /? l t/ adjective watching or listening carefully, ready to notice something alike /? la? k/ adjective very similar i adverb in a similar way My sister and I just don’t think alike. The change will affect rich and poor alike. alive /? la? v/ adjective 1. iving He was still alive when he was rescued from the burning building. When my grandfather was alive, there were no supermarkets. (NOTE: not used in front of a noun: the fish is alive but a live fish. ) 2. lively airfare air force airline airplane airport alarm alarm clock album alcohol alcoholic alert alike alive Basic. fm Page 9 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM all The holiday village really comes alive to come alive to become at night. busy and active all /? l/ adject ive, pronoun everything or all everyone They all or All of them like coffee. All trains stop at Clapham Junction. Did you pick all (of) the tomatoes?Where are all the children? i adverb 1. completely The ground was all white after the snow had fallen. I forgot all about her birthday. 2. all by yourself all alone You can’t do it all by yourself. I’m all by myself this evening – my girlfriend’s gone out. all along right from the beginning all at once suddenly all in 1. tired out 2. including everything all of a sudden suddenly all over 1. everywhere over something 2. finished all right well She was ill yesterday but she’s all right now. all the same in spite of this I’m not really keen on horror films, but I’ll go with you all the same. allergic /? l d ? k/ adjective suffering llergic from or referring to an allergy to be allergic to to react badly to a substance Many people are allergic to grass pollen. She is allergic to cats. 9 alpha betical Jack has been my closest ally in the campaign. ally2 /? la? / verb to ally yourself with or to someone to join forces with someone The unions have allied themselves with the opposition. (NOTE: allies ally – allying – allied) almost / ? lm st/ adverb nearly almost London is almost as far from here as Paris. She’s almost as tall as I am. She’ll eat almost anything. Hurry up, it’s almost time for the train to leave. alone /? l n/ adjective 1. with no one lse She lives alone with her cats. He was all alone in the shop. 2. only She alone knew the importance of the message. i adverb without other people We don’t let the children go out alone after dark. I don’t like travelling alone. leave alone 1. not to disturb someone Leave your sister alone, she’s trying to read. 2. to stop touching or playing with something Leave the cat alone, it doesn’t like being stroked. Leave those keys alone, the noise is annoying me. to go it alone to do something, especially a business activity, without help from anyone along /? l / preposition 1. by the side of He has planted fruit trees along oth sides of the garden path. The river runs along one side of the castle. 2. in a straight forward direction She ran along the pavement. Walk along the street until you come to the post office. I was just driving along when I caught sight of my brother. 3. to a place John came along after about five minutes. Is it ok if I bring a friend along? aloud /? la? d/ adverb in a voice which can be easily heard alphabet / lf? bet/ noun a series of letters in a specific order, e. g. A, B, C, etc G comes before H in the alphabet. If you’re going to Greece on holiday, you ought to learn the Greek alphabet. alphabetical / lf? bet? k(? l/ adjective relating to the alphabet in alphabetical order in order of the first letter of each word The words in the dictionary are in alphabetical order. Sort out the address cards into alphabetica l order of the people’s names. alone along allergy / l? d i/ noun a bad reaction to allergy a substance which makes you sneeze, or makes your skin itch, e. g. She has an allergy to household dust. The baby has a wheat allergy. allow /? la? / verb to let someone do allow something She allowed me to borrow her book. Smoking is not allowed in the restaurant. You are allowed to take two pieces of hand luggage onto the plane. allowance /? a ns/ noun 1. an allowance amount of money paid to someone regularly a weekly allowance 2. an amount of money which you are allowed to earn without paying tax on it 3. to make allowances for to take something into account You must make allowances for his age. ally1 / la? / noun 1. a country which ally works together with another, especially in a war (NOTE: The plural is allies. ) 2. someone who is willing to support you in something you want to achieve aloud alphabet alphabetical Basic. fm Page 10 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM already already /? l redi/ adverb before now or already I’ve albefore the time mentioned eady done my shopping. It was already past ten o’clock when he arrived. also / ? ls / adverb in addition to something or someone else that has been mentioned He’s a keen cyclist and his sister also likes to cycle when she can. She sings well and can also play the violin. (NOTE: also is usually placed bealso fore the main verb or after a modal or auxiliary verb. ) alter / ? lt? / verb to become different, or alter make something different, especially in small ways or in parts only They wanted to alter the terms of the contract after they had signed it. The shape of his face had altered slightly. alteration / ? lt? re (? )n/ noun 1. the ct of becoming different or of making something different 2. something that has been, or needs, changing She made some alterations in the design. alternate1 /? l t n? t/ adjective every other one We see each other on alternate Sundays. alternate2 / ? lt? ne? t / verb to keep changing from one particular position or state to another alternative /? l t n? t? v/ adjective 1. in place of something else If the plane is full, we will put you on an alternative flight. Do you have an alternative solution? 2. following a different way from usual i noun something which you do instead of something else Now that she’s ill, do we have any alternative o calling the holiday off? although /? l / conjunction in spite of the fact that Although it was freezing, she didn’t put a coat on. I’ve never been into that shop although I’ve often walked past it. altogether / ? lt? e / adverb taking everything together The food was ? 10 and the drinks ? 5, so that makes ? 15 altogether. The staff of the three shops come to 200 altogether. always / ? lwe? z/ adverb 1. every time She is always late for work. Why does it always rain when we want to go for a walk? 2. all the time It’s always alteration alternate alternate alternative al though altogether always 10 amount hot in tropical countries. . frequently, especially when someone finds it anShe’s always asking me to noying lend her money. am /? m, m/ 1st person present singular of be a. m. / e? em/ adverb before midday I have to catch the 7 a. m. train to work every day. Telephone calls made before 6 a. m. are charged at the cheap rate. (NOTE: a. m. is usually used to am a. m. show the exact hour and the word o’clock is left out) amazement /? me? zm? nt/ noun great amazement surprise To his amazement he won first prize. amazing /? me? z / adjective 1. very surprising It was amazing that she never suspected anything. 2. extremely It was an interesting and unusual mazing experience, sailing so far from land at night. ambition / m b (? )n/ noun a wish to do something special His great ambition is to ride on an elephant. ambulance / mbj? l? ns/ noun a van which carries sick or injured people to hospital When she fell down the stairs, her husband call ed an ambulance. American /? mer? k? n/ adjective relating to America or to the United States among /? m ? /, amongst /? m ? st/ preposition 1. surrounded by or in the middle of He was standing among a crowd of tourists. 2. between a number of people in a group Let’s share the cake among us. 3. in addition to other people or things Jack was there, mong others. amount /? ma? nt/ noun a quantity of something such as money The amount in my bank account has reached ? 1000. We spent a large amount of time just waiting. a certain amount some but not a lot Painting the house will take a certain amount of time. amount to phrasal verb 1. to make a total of My year’s savings amount to less than ? 1000. 2. to be similar or equal to something I think what he said amounts to a refusal to take part. 3. to amount to the same thing to mean the amazing ambition ambulance American among amount Basic. fm Page 11 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM amuse same, to be the same Whether he took ash or free holidays, it all amounts to the same thing. The remaining problems don’t amount to much. amuse /? mju z/ verb 1. to make someone laugh This story will amuse you. to amuse yourself to play or get pleasure from what you are doing The children amused themselves quietly while their parents talked. 2. to make the time pass pleasantly for someone How can we amuse the children on the journey? amusement /? mju zm? nt/ noun 1. a feeling of pleasure caused by something that is funny 2. to someone’s amusement making someone feel pleasure in a funny situation Much to her amusement, the band played ‘Happy Birthday to you! . 3. a way of passing the time pleasantly They had planned several visits for the guest’s amusement. amusing /? mju z / adjective funny an /? n, n/ ? a analysis /? n l? s? s/ noun a close examination of the parts or elements of something job analysis to make an analysis of the sales or a sales analysis to carry out an analysis of the marke t potential (NOTE: The plural is analyses /? n l? si z/. ) ancient / e? n nt/ adjective very old, or belonging to a time long ago He was riding an ancient bicycle. and /? n, ? nd, nd/ conjunction used to join two words or phrases All my uncles and aunts live in the country.The children were running about and singing. Come and sit down next to me. amuse amusement amusing an analysis ancient and (NOTE: and is used to say numbers after 100: ‘seven hundred and two and so on, and so forth, (702)’) and so on and so forth with other similar things He talked about plants, flowers, vegetables, and so on. anger / ? ?/ noun a feeling of being very annoyed He managed to control his anger. She couldn’t hide the anger she felt. angle / ? ?l/ noun a corner where two lines meet She planted the tree in the angle of the two walls. at an angle anger angle 11 annoying not straight The shop front is at an angle to the road. ngrily / ? r? li/ adverb in an angry way He shouted angrily when the children climbed over the fence. angry / ? ri/ adjective upset and annoyed, and sometimes wanting to harm someone The shopkeeper is angry with the children because they broke his window. He gets angry if the post is late. I am angry that the government is doing nothing to prevent crime. When the cashier still hadn’t arrived at midday the boss got even angrier. angrily angry (NOTE: angrier – angriest) animal / n? m(? )l/ noun a living thing animal that moves independently I love having animals as pets. (NOTE: animal may include humans in scientific contexts. )